Countries worldwide are stepping up efforts to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs). Japan has decided on a target of reducing GHG emissions by 46% from FY2013 levels by FY2030. However, achieving this massive target will require a great many challenges to be overcome, and it will be extremely difficult to do so within a socioeconomic structure bound by the conventions that have held sway until now. Not only technological innovation, but also a drastic transformation in the very fabric of society will be needed.