The symbiotic relationship between eukaryotes and mitochondria began 2.1 billion years ago, after a primitive cell engulfed a bacterium. Since then, mitochondria have evolved into essential cellular organelles, which play a crucial role in energy production, thereby supporting vital biological activities, and have a profound influence on human health. They are also known to be closely connected to motor function impairments and neurodegenerative disorders, and increasing attention has been paid to their relationship with aging and Alzheimer’s disease. In recent years, various studies have been focusing on mitochondria, which have their own DNA, as a means of investigating the fundamental principles of life.